When an atom absorbs energy, what happens to its electrons?

When an atom absorbs energy, its electrons gain enough energy to move from their ground state to an excited state, which corresponds to a higher energy level. This process involves the electrons transitioning to an orbital with a greater energy configuration.

In quantum mechanics, electrons exist in discrete energy levels or orbitals around the nucleus. When energy, such as from light or heat, is absorbed, it can promote these electrons to higher energy states, where they will have more potential energy. Ultimately, this transition can lead to various phenomena such as the emission of light when the electrons return to their original state or take part in chemical reactions if sufficient energy is absorbed.

The movement of electrons to higher energy levels is fundamental in understanding atomic behavior and the absorption spectra of elements. When an atom is excited, it becomes more reactive, which is essential in many chemical and physical processes.