Which theory discusses the idea that inequality can lead to conflict within society?

Conflict theory is a sociological perspective that emphasizes the role of power differentials and economic inequalities in shaping social structures and relationships. This theory is primarily associated with the work of Karl Marx, who argued that society is composed of groups that compete for limited resources. According to conflict theorists, inequality among different social classes creates tensions and clashes, as those in power seek to maintain their advantages and those who are disadvantaged strive for equity and justice.

The core idea of conflict theory is that social order is maintained not through consensus and cooperation, but through the domination of one group over another. This leads to social conflict as marginalized groups challenge the existing power dynamics and strive to alter the status quo. The theory aids in understanding various social phenomena, including class struggle, labor relations, and the impact of systemic inequality on marginalized communities.

In contrast, other theories listed in the choices do not focus on the role of inequality in creating societal conflict to the same extent. Social constructionism emphasizes how social phenomena are created through collective human interactions. Systemic theory looks at the systems and structures in place, often focusing more on interdependence rather than conflict. Counterfactual theory analyzes "what if" scenarios and does not address societal conflict stemming from inequality. Therefore, conflict theory is